Marijuana Should Marijuana Be Used For Medicinal Purposes...

Cannabis (or marijuana) is a common drug that is derived from a plant that has been around for centuries. Many argue that cannabis can be used for medicinal purposes. Thus, many researchers believe it is important to begin studying the effects that cannabis has on people. While this drug has been deemed to having both beneficial and detrimental side effects, many individuals are still weary as to what this drug may bring forth in terms of future medical discoveries, as well as other issues that may come along with it. Therefore, findings and new developments of medications for various types of diseases are being studied very closely in hopes of finding something that may create a huge impact in the world of medicine once again. So, studies over marijuana for medicinal use has become prevalent. With each new study there arises new questions as to whether marijuana would have a positive or negative impact for certain medical issues in patients. Likewise, the question as to whether this may negatively impact communities also comes in to play in regards to recreational use and abuse. Advantages of Medical Marijuana The use of medical marijuana has been studied for various medical issues. Many of these studies have shown that there are in fact some benefits for many patients when they are using marijuana as a remedy. Medical marijuana is typically sought after by patients experiencing medical issues including the following: epilepsy, cancer, chronic pain, eating disorders, asShow MoreRelatedMedicinal Marijuana: Should It Be Legal in All States? Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pageswhether or not marijuana should be legal for medicinal purposes in all fifty states. Many people believe that marijuana is an unsuitable substitute for many of the medications we have today. On the other hand, many researchers have conducted extensive studies that have shown how beneficial medicinal marijuana can be. Many states have already picked up on this, and have laws set in place to allow the use of medicinal marijuana. Medicinal marijuana has a wide variety of uses, and should be allo wed forRead MoreThe Legalization Of Medicinal Marijuana1382 Words   |  6 Pagesof medicinal marijuana is a very controversial topic within Australia. Recently, Victoria took the first steps to legalise medicinal marijuana, referenced in Victorian Government s Access to Medicinal Cannabis Bill 2015 (12th April 2016) and passed by the Victorian Parliament. This is the beginning of â€Å"the process of enabling patients to access medicinal cannabis.† In spite of this forward move, the debate still rages. There are valid and significant stances about whether marijuana should be legalisedRead MoreThe Term Effects Of Marijuana1124 Words   |  5 Pageseffects marijuana has on the human body? Marijuana is now being used more as medicinal and recreational use, and its usage is constantly increasing among many young adults in today’s society. You should know the effects of Marijuana and its medicinal purposes so you can make the choice of whether or not to use it and whet her you will use it for medicinal purposes. With extensive scholarly research, today we will be discussing intermediate, long term effects and medicinal purposes of marijuana. AccordingRead MoreMedicinal Marijuana Should Be Decriminalized Essay851 Words   |  4 PagesFor the past fifty years, heated debates over the topic of the decriminalization of marijuana have been a great controversy among politicians. Some politicians believe that marijuana for the use of medicine should be outlawed. As Congressman Bob Barr in his debate with radio talk show host Neil Boortz on May 14, 2002, stated, quot;There is no legitimate medical use whatsoever for marijuana. This [marijuana] is not medicine. This is bogus witchcraft. It has no place in medicine, no place in painRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1581 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"war on drugs† since the late 1900’s, the legalization of marijuana has been a popular topic within the past couple of years. This topic is very controversial due to the fact that many people are unable to see past the bad rap that cannabis has accumulated over past years. Among the other aspects that have already giv en marijuana a bad reputation, some people are trying to find more and more reasons to postpone the legalization of marijuana. Since the legalization of cannabis in Colorado, WashingtonRead MoreWhy Not Legalize Marijuana? Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana should be legalized for both recreational and medicinal use because the US economy can reap significant benefits from legalization as well as create an influx of jobs and also to reduce street and gang disputes relating to marijuana. Also, marijuana should be legalized because it has been dealt an unfair hand by society and is justifiably safer than most know it to be. First, marijuana should be legalized in the US for both recreational and medicinal purposes because there is a very substantialRead MoreContinuous Debates about the Legalization of Marijuana Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Legalization of marijuana is a notorious topic in the world today, and like any other contentious subject, it has number of support, and opposition. The valid points for both sides are plentiful, and each side feels very strong about their position on the topic. Marijuana is a psychoactive drug used for medicinal purposes, and as an illicit drug (Earleywine 34). Marijuana is the most commonly used drug in the world today. Marijuana has a psychoactive effect, and this has made it recognizedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?895 Words   |  4 Pages Should marijuana be legalized? In the eyes of some American s, marijuana is one of the biggest enemies in today’s society. Since alcohol and tobacco, both a life threatening substances are legal, it is only right to question, why marijuana is illegal. When speaking of the legalization of marijuana, it is important to identify which facts pertaining to marijuana use are stereotypes, truths, and egregious slander. Many people that have never been exposed to the plant have preconceived notionsRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana for Medicinal Usage800 Words   |  4 PagesLegalization of Marijuana for Medicinal Usage The legalization of marijuana for medical purposes is a question that seems to be scourging many states. Have you ever experience excruciating pain? Or have you ever witnessed someone suffering from agonizing morning sickness? Then still there are those that feel plagued with the chronic arthritis pain, or the nausea and vomiting, which often accompany chemotherapy. These individuals would welcome the use of marijuana for medicinal usage. MedicalRead MoreThe Debate over Legalizing Marijuana967 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana is a drug which is used for recreational purposes as well as medicinal purposes. However, the medicinal use of marijuana has only been suggested in the recent years because previously it was just a drug which used to be exploited by the teenagers, adults and others for their own personal purposes. Many people get arrested for illegal possession of marijuana because it is still illegal to have marijuana despite the ongoing debate of making it legal. There are many people who are against

Becks Depression Case Study - 1042 Words

1. INTRODUCTION Shamilka has a history of having a short episode of depression in past and that has been recovered by antidepressant prescribed by the family physician. Even though the time period of this episode is not clear in the case study, she has been suffering from depression symptoms over past 3 years and during the last 6 to 7 months; she has started feeling more depressed. The Beck’s Depression Inventory-II indicates that she is having a low server level of depression. According to the DSM 5, her symptoms and duration indicates she is having Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia). According to the same diagnostic criteria, she also has the symptoms of anxiety for the last six months. Even though there are Obsessive†¦show more content†¦Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, as indicated by either subjective account or observation by others, for at least 2 years. Note: In children and adolescents, mood can be irritable and duration must be at least 1 year. B. Presence, while depressed, of two (or more) of the following: 1. Poor appetite or overeating 2. Insomnia or hypersomnia 3. Low energy or fatigue 4. Low self-esteem 5. Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions 6. Feelings of hopelessness C. During the 2- year period (1 year for children or adolescents) of the disturbance, the individual has never been without the symptoms in Criteria A and B for more than 2 months at a time. D. Criteria for a major depressive disorder may be continuously present for 2 years. E. There has never been a manic episode or a hypomanic episode, and criteria have never been met for cyclothymic disorder. F. The disturbance is not better explained by a persistent schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, delusional disorder, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder. G. The symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition (e.g. hypothyroidism). H. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Note: Because the criteria for a major depressive episode includeShow MoreRelatedPostpartum Depression And The Depression1430 Words   |  6 Pagesmothers, but in some cases it can be a time of calamity (Jevitt, Groer, Crist, Gonzalez, Wagner, 2012). Postpartum Depression (PPD) in women after childbirth is a common occurrence. It happens in all races, ethnicities, and socioeconomic statuses. PPD is a severe depression that affects mothers after childbirth. It involves serious depression, sadness, and loneliness. Cheryl Tatano Beck is a nursing theorist who is known for her work and research with postpartum depression and the developmentRead MoreEssay on Becks Theory of Postpartum Depression1688 Words   |  7 PagesBecks Theory of postpartum depression Theory is an attempt to explain the world around us. It is defined as a set of concepts, definitions, and propositions that projects a view of phenomena by designating specific interrelationships among concepts for purposes of describing, explaining and predicting phenomena. In the world of healthcare the nurse through the understanding of theories attempt to explain why nurses do what they do. Nursing theories are the creative products of nurses who seek toRead MoreEffects Of Major Depression Disorder ( Mdd )1565 Words   |  7 PagesAffect on the Diagnosed Individual Major depression disorder (MDD) is a serious mental disorder that has an intense impact on the individuals social and economic mobile functioning, directly related to increased disability, absenteeism from employment, and social exclusion (Haddad Gunn, 2011). Research suggests that mothers who are depressed have the potential to genetically predispose their children to social, cognitive impaired development; it appears as though offspring may experience heightenedRead MoreDepression Essay : The Causes And Effects Of Youth Depression1566 Words   |  7 PagesCauses and Effects of Youth Depression Most individuals spend a short downcasted period in their lives, but some individuals experience an extended period of dejection. This may be the cause of depression. Depression is a mental disorder that feeds on the negative self-evaluation of an individual. Eventually the individual is blinded of any positivity in their life by the overwhelming pessimistic views of a situation, continuing the cycle. Awareness of adult depression is substantial, but unprogressiveRead MoreMental Disorders And Its Effects On The Individual s Health1388 Words   |  6 PagesThe DSM-IV concludes that depression is a mood disorder; it is also known to be the most common mental disorder. Most people at some point through their lives may go through a period of time when they ‘feel down’, however to be diagnosed with depression you must be present with a low mood for over 2 weeks, also having five of the following symptoms; feelings of worthlessness, weight gain or loss, insomnia or hypersomnia, fatigue, low or no concentration at all. Depression is usually linked with eitherRead MoreFather Of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1813 Words   |  8 PagesBehavioral Therapy Michelle LP Fowler Palo Alto University  Abstract This paper examines the life of Aaron T. Beck, his journey to psychotherapy and eventually to the development of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). It also looks at the impact of Dr. Beck’s decision to apply empirical testing to methods used in psychotherapy and how that decision pushed the discipline towards empirically based methods. Keywords: Aaron T. Beck, CBT, cognitive behavioural therapy, empirical methods  Aaron T. Beck theRead MoreApplication Of Psychological Theory And Research Essay1445 Words   |  6 PagesApplication of psychological theory and research to understanding depression The case James was referred to the counselling service for chronic low mood in terms of demonstrating depressed mood, worthless and hopeless feeling, and marked diminished interests or pleasure in university activities and social relationship activities. Based on his background information, it seems that James’ early life experiences and his developed core beliefs of self, world and future have huge impacts on his chronicRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pagesand later modified the model to the A-B-C-D-E approach. In the 1990s Ellis renamed his approach Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. In the 1960s, Aaron Beck, M.D. developed his approach called Cognitive Therapy. Becks approach became known for its effective treatment of depression. Also in the 1960s Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr., M.D. (a student of Ellis) developed Rational Behavior Therapy. Maultsbys contributions were numerous, including his emphasis on client rational self-counseling skillsRead More Cbt and Depression1279 Words   |  6 Pageswill mainly focus on applying CBT to depression. Depression can be described as a type of afflicted psychological well being, where the individual lacks confidence in their own worth (DH, 2004). Overall, this paper will review literature which is of assistance to the argument of whether cognitive behaviour therapy is an effective aid for depression. Cognitive behaviour therapy is widely used in treatment for many psychological disorders, more importantly depression. The reason for this is that cognitiveRead MorePtsd Deployion To Afghanistan Case Study871 Words   |  4 Pages(Verstrael, Van Der Wurff, Vermetten, 2013). In this case, the interviewer is the one that rates the severity on a 5-point Likert scale (Verstrael, Van Der Wurff, Vermetten, 2013). Other measures frequently used in conjunction with PTSD measures include Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Index (STAI) (Verstrael, Van Der Wurff, Vermetten, 2013). These two measures are also used in patients with PTSD as anxiety, depression, and PTSD seem to go hand in hand. In order to be

A comparison of the beer industry free essay sample

This study aimed to supply in depth position of a state and market comparing which focuses on the beer industry in both Italy and Canada. It provides the reply to the chief inquiry which market we are traveling to put in and why we should put in that state. This study besides focuses on the chief similarities and differences between both markets of Italy and Canada. By comparing those differences and similaritiesiwe will eventually acquire to the decision that which state we are traveling to put iniand explicate the ground why we want to put in that state. There are several factors which we are traveling to utilize to compare these two countriesithey are as follows: The cultural differences by Hofstede s cultural dimensions. Beer industry conditions in both states. Macro-economy state of affairss in both states. Alcohol Taxes and Duties Legislative Framework. Market size of legal imbibing and buying population. Major participants in beer industry of both states. Introduction Beer is one of the most used drinks in the universe next to coffee and tea. The beer industry hence as we can conceive of is one of the biggest industries in the universe with many rivals inside of the industry. It is non surprising that many different sorts of beer and a assortment of trade names can be found in both Italy and Canadaiand both of the states has a long history of development of brewery industry every bit good. In this articleiwe are traveling to compare both of the states marketsiindustry conditionicultural differencesipolitical background and so forthiall those information will be taken into considerationiand be processed to do the concluding determination on which county environment is more suited and good for us to put into. Some theories are traveling to be applied to analyze the cultural dimensions of both countriesisuch as Hofstede s cultural dimensionsiand SWOT analysisiPorter s Five Forces Model. Methodology In this paper, I will utilize the undermentioned methodological analysis to analysis my paper, they are Hofstede s cultural dimensions and SWOT analysis. I will utilize hoststede s cultural dimensions in the cultural portion, and SWOT in the concluding subdivision of the paper. Hofstede s Cultural Dimensions In the Hofstede s cultural dimension, the dimensions measure the cultural dimensions differences in both Canada and Italy. There are five dimensions in this frameworkinamely the Power Distance Index ( PDI ) ithe Individualism-CollectivismiMasculinity-Femininity and Uncertainty Avoidance. Because Hofstede measures cultural dimensionsitherefore I will utilize the Hofstede s cultural dimensions in the cultural system page of the paper when the cultural facets are discussed. SWOT Analysis The SWOT Analysis is the analysis of StrengthsiWeaknessesiOpportunities and Menaces for both states. The SWOT analysis isA a speedy and brief manner to do an overview of the strength and failing, and on the other manus chances and menaces for both states, in my instance, the beer industry in two different states will be analyzed. The SWOT analysis will look into internal factors within the industry of the state ( Strengths and Weaknesses ) and external factors outside the industry or the state ( Opportunities and Threats ) . This model will assist us to analyse the chief positive and negative sides of both states when comparing the SWOT. And finally this should assist us make up ones mind on which state would be most suited to put in the beer industry. And this model will be used at the terminal of the paperiwhich will give us an conclusive consequences of which state we are traveling to put in. The beer industry of Italy and Canada In this sectionirelevant market conditions that apply to the Italian and Canadian beer sector will be explained. The market can be separated harmonizing to different factors like size and attraction every bit good. If we divide the market harmonizing the different market portions which individual brewery holdsiwe can see that there are several chief participant in the beer industry in both of the states. Italy Italy is celebrated for its winesihoweveriit is non well-known for its ain beer. By and large speakingiItaly does nt devour about every bit much beer as its European Unionropean neighbourihoweverithere is a turning tendency of ingestion for beer in Italyithe beer in Italy is non every bit widespread as in its European Unionropean neighboursimainly because there is a historical penchant for vino in the state. Italian breweries have undergone a Renaissance in recent old ages. In the past few old ages, in factiItaly has started holding beer imbibing and savoring competitions and many related festivals. Normallyithis kind of activity is reserved for wineihoweverinowadays beer is gaining more and more regard from wine-preferred Italiansiand even many immature Italians prefer to back up their state s beer industry instead than the vino industry nowistillithe Italian beer industry has much infinite to turn and be developed. There are some trade names of beer in Italyione of them is the oldest and most recognized trade name of breweries which is Birra Peroniiwhich was established in 1846 and the headquarter of Peroni is in Rome. Peroni s most celebrated merchandise is a Pilsner manner beer. Nastro Azzuroiwhich is besides one of the few Italian beers that marketed all over the worldiNastro Azzuroi which is a instead light manner beer compared to the old oneimany breweries are crafting darkeriheavier beers is by and large deriving involvements from those more old and experient beer drinkers and people likewise. In add-on to those elephantine breweriesithere are many microbreweries in Italyiand they play a of import function and have a great part of the market every bit good. A microbrewery which peculiarly additions attending from immature Italians is called Birrificio Baladin ithe brewery attracted those immature coevals through patronizing international music festivals and passionate advertizements. Canada TraditionallyiCanadian biggest brewing companies were Labatt s and Molson. In 1995iLabatt s was purchased by an Belgian company which is called Interbrew and it is now a portion of Brazilian-Belgian. AnhEuropean Unionser-Busch InBevithe universe s biggest brewing company and Molsonithe other biggest brewing company in Canadaiwhich was merged with US company Coors in 2005 and created a new company called Molson Coorsiwhich is the universe s 5th biggest brewing company now. In 2006iwith the purchase of Sleeman Breweriesithe biggest staying Canadian brewery was purchased by the Japanese company which owned Sapporo BreweryiThe Canadian beer production market is chiefly under control of many foreign multinationals. Approximately 90 per centum of beer gross revenues under the license was produced in Canada, nevertheless from a non-domestic brewing corporations by the terminal of 2006. U.S beers companies under the license dominated much of the Canadian market. For instanceiin Canada by Labatt s and Coors LightMolson, Budweiser is brewed under license. In Canada, the domestic beer market is about dominated by many foreign companies as we mentioned before, these companies are LabattiMolson and Sleemanithey are all foreign owned companies. The biggest Canadian owned breweriMoosehead breweriesionly controls about 5.5 per centum of the Canadian market. Country comparing Macro-economic indexs Economy Canada population 33,487,208 ( July 2009 est. ) . Italy population 58,126,212 ( July 2009 est. ) . Economic freedom Canada universe rank 6. Economic freedom Italy universe rank 87. Finance Fiscal freedom for Canada: 80.0. Fiscal freedom in Italy 60.0 Canada investing freedom 75.0. Italy investing freedom 75.0. Canada Economy -GDP ( Buying Power Parity ) $ 1.335 trillion ( 2010 est. ) . World ranking: 15. $ 1.297 trillion ( 2009 est. ) $ 1.33 trillion ( 2008 est. ) -GDP Per capita ( PPP ) $ 39,600 ( 2010 est. ) . World ranking: 22 $ 38,700 ( 2009 est. ) $ 40,000 ( 2008 est. ) -Inflation rate ( consumer monetary values ) 1.6 per centum ( 2010 est. ) . World ranking: 41 0.3 per centum ( 2009 est. ) Italy Economy -GDP ( PPP ) $ 1.782 trillion ( 2010 est. ) . World ranking: 11 $ 1.763 trillion ( 2009 est. ) $ 1.857 trillion ( 2008 est. ) -GDP per capita ( PPP ) $ 30,700 ( 2010 est. ) . World ranking: 43 $ 30,300 ( 2009 est. ) $ 31,900 ( 2008 est. ) -Inflation rate ( consumer monetary values ) 1.4 per centum ( 2010 est. ) . World ranking: 32 0.8 per centum ( 2009 est. ) Historical developments Italy Beer is known and drank in Italy really long clip agoiItalians brewed and consumed the blond drink. It said that Roman Emperor Agricola was a fan of beer when he was the governor of Britanniaiand in 83 AD Roman Emperor Agricola raised to the imperial throne and came back to Italyihe took three maestro brewersA with him from Glevum of which the antediluvian name Gloucester and opened the first existent saloon in Italy. Nowadays beer is particularly loved by immature people in Italyiwhich has been seen as an informal drinkicompared to the vino which is alway used in much more formal topographic points. Aperitif and vino savoring have now gained back to wine many insouciant drinkersihoweveriuntil a few old ages agoiyoung Italians really imbibe more beer than vino. Pub-styled bars are still really popular in Italy and they have spread the love for the more alien trade names of beer: many of them serve JapaneseiGermaniAustralian and East European Unionropean beers along with the more known 1s brewed in the UK and Belgium. At least one bottle of Birra cinese ( Chinese beer ) is served on every tabular array of every Chinese eating house. Canada In the 17th centuryiEuropean Unionropean colonists foremost introduced beer to Canadaias Canada has an optimum temperture for bring forthing and hive awaying beer before infrigidation was introduced. Jean Talon built the first commercial brewery in Quebec City. In 1668, more than a century subsequently when beer foremost came to Canada, a figure of commercial beer makers came outiincluding some that subsequently became the samples of the Canadian beer industry: John Molson founded a brewery in Montreal in 1786iAlexander Keith inHalifax in 1820iThomas Carling in London in 1840iJohn Kinder Labatt in 1847ialso in LondoniSusannah Oland in Halifax in 1867iand European Uniongene OKeefe in Toronto in 1891. Prohibition period in Canada was non permanent every bit long as the period in the U.S, and it was mostly effectual by the center of 1920s ( nevertheless in Prince Edward Islandiit ran from 1901 to 1948 ) . Nonethelessiit still had a same consequence of maintaining really few brewing company and beer makers in Canadaiby the late 20th century, it was merely that there has been a resurgence and microbreweries have started. However in some states, brew saloons are still illegal. Cultural system Hofstede s Cultural Dimensions of Italy and Canada Power Distance Individuality Maleness Uncertainty Avoidance Italy Higher More corporate More masculine Strong Canada Lower More individualistic More feminine Weak Power distance Canada is lower on the Hofstede s power distance index than ItalyiItaly is in the center on the index by and large. Italian seems to anticipate differences in power between people. Canadian Power Distance ( PDI ) is comparatively low compared to Italyithe index of PD is 39 for Canadaiis still lower compared to a universe norm. Individuality The less corporate nature of Canada compared to Italy can be seen in many ways. In Canada, it is common for adult adolescents to populate with their parents for old ages in Italy and there are many household owned concern in Italy, even some really celebrated trade names. In Italy, concern is sooner dealt with people which you are familiar with. Unfamiliar invitees will non be invited into an Italian place. Canada has Individualism as the highest ranking which is 80iand this indicates that the Canadian society with a more individualistic attitude and comparatively loose bonds with households and others. Maleness As we can see in the dimension index, Italy is a really masculine society and ranks somewhat higher compared to Canada. It said that even presents there are still many Italian work forces treat adult females with machismo. Even though there are more and more adult females in the working population nowadaysihowever, their Numberss are still little and few are in upper places due to the glass ceiling. The traditional Italian family are adult females, in most Italian households, adult females play the function who cook, clean the house and take attention of kids. Italians place a really of import attending on material ownerships. As we all know that looking good is really of import for Italians, and like many feminine cultureiItalians know how to bask their life. Italians is the sort of people who work in order to populate instead than some states people populating to work, aspiration and difficult working are non prevailing phenomenons in Italian civilization. Therefore I assume that beer as a informal beverageiit is more popular under this sort of cultural background instead than more formal cultural background states. Uncertainty Avoidance Italy avoids unsteadily more strongly than Canada. Generally talking Italians prefer to make concern with people they are familiar with. In additioniItalians prefer to hold some personal communicating with the people who they are traveling to make concern with before they approach to the serious concern speaking. Political/Government System Beer or we can state malt spirits in legal termiis defined as all fermented spirits brewed in whole or in portion from malt for the intents of the Excise Actigrain or any cloying affair without any procedure of distillment ihowever this definition does non include vino. Italian Alcohol Taxes and Duties Alcohol Duty Beer ( 5 per centum ABV or 12Es Plato ) A 0.12? per pint Wine ( bottle 11.5 per centum ABV ) 0.00? per 75 chlorine As we can see in the tabular array of different rates of responsibility applies to beer in Italyiwhich contains following degree of responsibility. Italy is a member of the European Unionropean Union nowitherefore it portions the Common External Tariff government of European Unionropean Union. European Union responsibilities are charged by the Italian Customs Agency on the CIF ( costiinsurance and cargo ) value of the merchandise which imported into Italy. The Alcohol Act ( 2001 ) baned Television and wireless programmes advertisement of alcoholic merchandises between 4 oclock autopsy and 9 oclock autopsy and prohibited intoxicant advertizements from demoing on the Television within 15 proceedingss after or before any kids s programmes. This Act besides requires a self-regulatory codification to be provided jointly by advertisement bureaus, advertizers and media companies to administrate intoxicant advertisement. For the legal imbibing ageithere is no minimal age of legal imbibing. And the legal buying age of intoxicant is 16 and 18. However, South Tyrol prohibited both purchase and functioning for adolescents which under the age of 18. Milan has enforced a prohibition on those under 16 old ages old buying intoxicant. Heavy mulcts are given to proprieters and parents if a dealing is completed to those adolescents who is out to buy. Canadian Alcohol Taxes and Duties Legislative Framework Beer Duty Up to 1.2 per centum intoxicant $ 2.591/hectolitre 1.2 per centum to 2.5 per centum intoxicant $ 13.990/hectolitre Over 2.5 per centum intoxicant $ 27.985/hectolitre As we can see in the tabular array of different rates of responsibility applies to beeriwhich contains following degree of responsibility: over than 2.5 percent absolute ethyl intoxicant as the per centum of the entire weight ; over than 1.2 per centum nevertheless under 2.5 per centum absolute ethyl intoxicant as the per centum of the entire weight ; and less than 1.2 percent absolute ethyl intoxicant as the per centum of the entire weightiand for all beer incorporating more than 2.5 percent absolute ethyl intoxicant as the per centum of the entire weightithe rate of excise responsibility is presently 27.985 dollar per hectoliter. The excise responsibilities are non imposed on beer which is provided by a individual for personal or household usage or to be given off without charge and is non for sale commercially. Canadian authorities showed how extremely they value beer production and its breweries by take downing the revenue enhancements exercised on beer production. This is a benefit to the industry. As one of the leaders of the whole economic system of Canadaithe beer sector is likely to keep these revenue enhancement benefits and other benefits might be offered every bit good to the beer sector to develop the Canadian beer industry. The legal imbibing and buying age in Canada are both 19. HoweveriIn some countries such as OntarioiSaskatchewaniBritish ColumbiaiNewfoundland and LabradoriNova ScotiaiNorthwest TerritoriesiYukoniand Nunavutiunder age imbibing which is supervised by parents is permittedihowever with some restrictionsi in one individual s ain house in these states which are New Brunswick and Ontario and at place in the states of Prince Edward IslandiBritish Columbia and Saskatchewan. InBritish Columbiaionly those kids under the parental supervisioninot any other bush leagues such like guestsiare allowed under age imbibing. Consumption of intoxicant in another person s place is capable to other Torahs. Major participants The brewing industry had become highly concentrated in Canadaiit had been dominated by merely three major companies at the terminal 1970sithese companies are MolsoniLabattiand Carling-OKeefe. Canadian biggest brewing companies were Labatt s and Molson as we mentioned in the old overview of industry status of both states. In 1995iLabatt s was purchased by an Belgian company which is called Interbrew which is now portion of Brazilian-Belgian AnhEuropean Unionser-Busch InBev ithe universe s biggest brewing company and Molson ithe other biggest beer companyiwhich was merged with US company Coors in 2005 and created a new company called Molson Coorsiand it is the universe s 5th biggest brewing company now. In 2006ithe biggest staying Canadian brewery was purchased by a Nipponese owned company called Sapporo Brewery iuntil so, Canadian beer production has been about controlled by the foreign multinationals. Until the terminal of 2006iapproximatly 90 per centum of beer gross revenues was brewed domestically under license from the non-domestic beer corporations. American beers giants dominated much of the market, and for instanceiBudweiser is produced under the license in Canada by companies Labatt s and Coors Light. The Canadian beer market is dominated by LabattiMolson and Sleeman these three companiesithey are all foreign owned companies. The biggest Canadian owned breweriMoosehead breweriesionly controls little per centum of the Canadian market. Italy hosts a few breweriesiwith the biggest owned by the best known Italian and foreign trade names. Peroni s brewery produces the best known Italian beer: la Peroni . Peroni besides produces the premium beer Mastro Azzurro and the trade names Wuhreriand lesser known Raffo. Heineken Italy brews it s celebrated Heinekenibut has besides acquired the trade names MorettiiIchnusaiBirra Messina and Dreher. Carslberg owns a few brewerys in Northern and Central Italy. In Northern ItalyiForst brews its ain branded beer every bit good as the celebrated Menabrea. In Friuli Venezia Giulia the latest trade name of Italian beer Birra Castelloihas been active since 1997. Along with these large playersithere are tonss of microbreweries little graduated table breweries that produce little measures of beerithey besides have premium quality. Major determination of comparing and recommendations Making a determination in which state to put is non so easyibecause of all those different discrepancies in both of the countiesisome of the discrepancies are strength for Canadaihoweverisome of them are favourable for Italy. In the first placeithe revenue enhancement rates between Canada and Italy differ. In Canada the rates are comparatively lower than in Italy due to the fact that the revenue enhancement degree is comparatively high in the European Unionropean context. In add-on to thisithe Canadian authorities reduced revenue enhancements even more to profit Canadian beer makers. Secondlyiwhen a expression is taken at macroeconomic indexs like GDP per capita we see that Canada is a bit more favourable. Howeverisince this differences are so smalliboth of the states that we have chosen are developed countriesiand GDP per capita which above certain degree has a comparatively weak influence on the ingestion of beer. Thereforeithis factor is non likely to hold a important influences on the desicion of investing in the states. Thirdlyithe population above legal imbibing age in the markets has been calculated get downing from the age at which intoxicant ingestion is allowed. This would intend that we start numbering the population get downing from 18 old ages old in Italy ( some country start from 16 old ages old ) and 19 old ages old in Canada. We find that the comparative sum of people able to buy and devour intoxicant in Italy is larger than in Canadaibecause the whole population is larger in Italy than in Canadaiand the population of legal imbibing age are besides higher in Italy than in Canadaithereforeithe possible market in Italy are larger than in Canada.A A A Lastlyiwhen comparing markets harmonizing to its participants and their market portions we find that Canada has a more concentrated market with high market portion big participants and many little participants. Italy on the other manus has two old participants with a high portion and one smaller participant while the remainder of the market consists of truly little participants. It would hence be an advantage to put in the Italian market ; seeking to derive and increase a market portion because of the fact that there are many foreign participants already play really of import functions in the Canadian marketiMolson Coors Brewing company and AnhEuropean Unionser-Busch InBev have a market portion of 42,70 and 42,20 per centum severally. Third topographic point is hold by Moosehead Brewing company with a portion of 5,90 per centum. These three chief participants hold 90,8 per centum of the market in entire by volume. Taking all those facts into consideration, I would state that Italy would be the state that we are traveling to put in. As we explained aboveiwe analysed both states SWOT, for Italy, the strength is market size, the failing is comparatively higher revenue enhancement rate on intoxicant, and the chances is that there are merely two large old participants and some utmost little playersigaining or increasing a portion is comparatively easyiand the market of Italy are more potentialibecause Italy still on the turning stage of beer industry. Moreoverisince the age allowed to imbibe in Italy get downing from the age of 18 and in some countries are even lower to 16iand with more population in Italyitherefore the market is bigger in Italy than in Canada. In additioninowadays the Italian authorities extremely values the Italian beer industry due to the impact on its economic system and therefore revenue enhancements are acquiring lower and lower. And the menaces of Italy is that new public po licy may harm the beer industry, such as the advertisement policy we mentioned before which bans the ads of intoxicant in specific period of clip on Television.

Nothing but the Truth Essay Example

Nothing but the Truth Essay Such a simple idea. Yet the force that drives it is powerful. Some might say, too powerful. Why, you ask. Because everything depends on the balance of truth. When a simple moment is blown out of proportion, it can lead to catastrophic results. Truth or the lack thereof affects every judgment that has, or ever will be made. Our decisions are clouded by how much of the truth we really know. It really isn’t that much of a wonder that an innocent lie can worm its way into the core of balance, and by slightly upsetting the scales, ruin everything. In Nothing But The Truth, both Philip Malloy and Miss Narwin’s life gets changed after the public begins to interfere with their dismal relationship. However, not all of what occurred was Philip’s and Miss Narwin’s fault. The lie Philip instilled into the system was nurtured and cared for by others, and it took a life of its own. The three biggest components (excluding Philip or Miss Narwin) of their jigsaw of problems were Philip’s parents, the School Administration, and Ted Griffen. These people are the biggest players of the game, because they had the power to use and the ability to administer it. We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing but the Truth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing but the Truth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing but the Truth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They should have taken more responsibility and instead of letting the situation run away and get out of hand, they should’ve contained it so that it wouldn’t explode in their faces. Philip’s parents had a huge influence on the outcome of the story. They were the driving force of Philip’s side. Without even thinking about both sides of the story, they automatically started a war-of-sorts against Miss Narwin. Philip’s parents should have listened to what Miss Narwin was saying. They should have paid more attention to the whole story, and should have kept a closer touch with Philip in general. If they had been able to keep a closer eye on the situation, they might have been able to tone it down a bit. Philip’s parents also took their opinion too far. The fact that Philip got suspended simply for singing the national anthem is too unusual for that to be the whole story. Alerting the media and making it a huge deal was just overdoing things. The School Administration is another cause for the outcome. They ought to have stuck with Miss Narwin the whole way, because she was one of their teachers. They shouldn’t have let the world hate her for something that she didn’t do; they should’ve stood up for her because they knew the truth. The administration was all talk and no work. They kept declaring how they couldn’t afford the budget to not pass, but they never tried to do anything about fixing the situation until it was too late. When the superintendent eventually confronted Ted Griffen, it was too late to change anything. If they had been more proactive instead of waiting for the outcome, they might have been able to alter the ending and maybe save the budget too. Although he might not seem important, Ted Griffen was a huge element of this escapade. Because his only motive was to be on the board of education, he didn’t care what consequences would occur, and was willing to go to any extent to reach his goal. He manipulated the situation to his complete advantage. Since he knew that the public didn’t want to pay for the budget, he used the school’s dilemma as his campaign premise, and was able to hurl the situation out of control very easily. Because he appealed to the people’s needs, he could make feeble connections between the situations, and then draw on their agreement to give him votes. Philip’s parents, the Administration, and Ted Griffen have a lot to account for. They were the dynamic influences, the people with opportunities to keep the situation in hand. As a result of bad judgment and planning, they caused Philip to eventually move to Washington Academy and for Miss Narwin to resign. Because they made the wrong the choices, and then the effects of their actions were truly revealed. They didn’t wield their power properly, and both Philip and Miss Narwin suffered.

Kayaking free essay sample

The first time I went kayaking was in a very small pond at my friend’s neighbor’s house. I was nervous at first and then when it came time to leave, I didn’t want to get out. Since that time I have only gone kayaking once and that was on Black Creek in Churchville, New York. I have looked at many kayaks and equipment that goes with it. The one kayak that popped out at me the most is the EZG 42 wavesport. The place I would go kayaking is called Black River; it is near Watertown, New York. Kayaks come in different sizes and shapes, but there is one that won me over and that was the EZG 42 wavesport. The reason why I chose the EZG 42 wavesport kayak is because it used for white water and that is what I want to do. I just want to go and have a good time and feel good about it. We will write a custom essay sample on Kayaking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The kayak I looked at can be bought used or new and I chose the used price which was $920. The size of the kayak is 6 feet and 6 inches in length which is a good fit for me so I can go down a rushing river. I also chose that kayak because I love the color of it and that it is comfortable at the same time. When you are going down a rushing river it is important to have kayak with you so you don’t go to the bottom of the river. Paddles are a good piece of equipment that you can have on you when you are in a kayak. The paddle that I chose to go along with the kayak is a Werner twist straight shaft paddle. The reason why I chose that paddle was because both ends do not line up which gives it a great power and responsiveness so I can actually paddle and steer faster. I chose this paddle because it is made out carbon fiber that makes it light and stronger. The shafts on the paddles will enhance the energy during each stroke you take. When the blades are smaller in diameter they can give a more powerful catch then longer blades do. The paddles are not just the thing that I needed so I could go on a trip down the river. The sprayskirt that I chose was the Adventure GTX 7. 0 because it is waterproof, so that there will not be any water going into the kayak. The sprayskirt deck will keep the water away, and preventing puddles from forming on it. The skirt also has a really good seal seam on it making it impossible to get water in the kayak. The sprayskirt I looked can also be adjustable to fit all sizes and it has a Velcro on the waist allowing it to be able to remove to become suspenders if necessary. The reason why I chose these models out of the rest was because they were the cheapest ones I could find and they don’t fall apart easily. The helmet and lifejacket are the most important pieces of equipment because they will save your life when you are in a river. The helmet and lifejacket that I chose are called the Shred Ready AHM Livery Helmet and the Extrasport Universal PFD. The reason why I chose those two was because they will help keep you safe if you go under in rushing water. The helmet will help protect your head from hitting something and getting knocked out. The reason why I chose those models was because the lifejacket will help you stay above water if you get knocked out of your kayak. One of these days I want to actually go white water kayaking with a bunch of people. Before I do go kayaking in a rushing river I want to get better and learn how to flip back over while under water. If I learn how to do that I am pretty sure I can go on any river. The most important thing I have learned was to have fun and learn how to flip a kayak back over while in it.

Special Stains Laboratory Report

Introduction Special Stains Laboratory Report IntroductionMethodMasson’s TrichromeCongo RedDiscussionReferencesRelated Introduction Staining is a technique that is used to diagnose or study the morphology of abnormal cells such as cancerous cells by highlighting the structural components of a tissue (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). Staining provides a contrast between different structures in a tissue specimen and allows its examination under a light microscope (Cook, 2006). Haematoxylin and eosin (HE) is a routine stain that is used to microscopically diagnose a vast majority of specimens in which the haematoxylin stains the nuclei, whereas the eosin is used to stain cytoplasm and other extracellular materials (Bancroft and Cook, 1995). According to Slauson and Cooper (2002) special stains are histochemical stains that react with known substances in the tissue. Mohan (2005) explains that special stains are required in various circumstances, where the pathologist needs to demonstrate certain constituent of the cells or the tissue to confirm the diagnosis by etiologic, histogenic and pathogenic components. This techniq ue is called special because they are not a routine stain that is performed on a tissue specimen, instead they are used in addition to HE stained sections (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). Special stains can identify the presence and abundance of any specific class of molecules in a tissue specimen for example periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction is used to identify carbohydrate substances such as glycogen (Slauson and Cooper, 2002). Other examples include Toluidine blue stain which is used to stain mast cell granules, Perl’s stain demonstrates iron in haemochromatosis, Ziehl-Neelsen stains mycobacteria and Giemsa staining is used to identify Helicobacter Pylori and Giardia organisms (Slauson and Cooper, 2002 and Bass et al., 2005) Masson’s trichrome (MT) and Congo red are the two main special staining methods used in pathology laboratories. Connective tissues consist of cells such as collagen fibres, elastic fibres, and glycosaminoglycans that are scattered within an extracellular matrix (Starr et al., 2011). These cells are distinguished by using a combination of dyes to stain different structures in various different colours (Starr et al., 2011). Masson’s trichrome is used to express collagen in tissues and involves staining with three different sized dyes to stain three diverse tissue densities (Cook, 2006). MT staining produces three distinct colours as the name suggests; nuclei and other basophilic structures are stained black with iron hematoxylin; collagen is stained green or blue depending on aniline light green or aniline blue; and cytoplasm, muscle, erythrocytes and keratin are stained bright red with Biebrich scarlet stain (Young et al., 2006). Since erythrocytes are the densest as the y are packed with haemoglobin, and less porous tissues they are stained with the smallest dye molecule, the intermediate cytoplasm and muscles cells are stained by the intermediate sized dye and the collagen is stained with the biggest dye (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). However, it has also been suggested that the acid dye which is the Biebrich Scarlet, first stains the tissue as it binds to its acidophilic elements (Carson, 2001). Subsequently, the tissue is treated with phosphomolybdic/phosphotungstic acids so that the less permeable components retain the red colour, whereas it is diffused out of the collagen fibers causing it to bind with the aniline blue or aniline light green (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). Young et al., (2006) describes that in addition to the use MT stain in assessing the degree of fibrosis, it is also used to evaluate portal tract structures such as the bile ducts, arteries and veins in inflamed liver According to Romhanyi (1971) (cited in Bely, 2006) Congo red is a special stain that is highly specific and a sensitive method for early diagnosis and recognition of amyloidosis.   Cook (2006) states that Congo red is used as the preferred method to identify amyloids in most laboratories on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue of patients with amyloidosis. Kiernan (2007) describes that amyloid is an intercellular material that varies in its composition and is deposited in tissues such as heart, muscle, kidneys, spleen, liver and brain, deposits differ in their composition. Rubin and Strayer (2008) explains that Congo red stain has a linear shaped molecule which helps it to bind to the ÃŽ ² pleated sheet structure of the amyloid through non-polar hydrogen bonds, giving it a red colour. Sen and Basdemir (2003) states that Congo red fluorescence (CRF) is another method that examines the amyloid deposits stained with Congo red under polarized light which shows a red-green birefring ence and according to Rocken and Eriksson (2009) this is the gold standard for diagnosing amyloid. During this experiment special stain techniques were used to analyse specific tissue elements Aims To identify fibroids in uterine tissue section using Masson’s trichrome stain To identify amyloid in spleen tissue section using Congo red stain To discuss advantages of special stains To use special stains to identify important diagnostic features of the tissue To understand the mechanism used by special stains Method Masson’s Trichrome The formalin fixed and paraffin-embedded uterine tissue section was deparaffinized and rehydrated through 100% alcohol, 95% alcohol, and 70% alcohol.   The section was washed in distilled water and then stained in Weigert’s iron hemotoxylin working solution for 10 minutes. It was then rinsed in running warm tap water for 10 minutes and then washed in distilled water. The next step was to stain the uterine tissue section in Biebrich scarlet-acid fuchsin solution for 15 minutes, and then it was washed using distilled water. It was then differentiated in phosphomolybdic – phosphotungstic solution for 15 minutes or until collagen was not red. The tissue section was then transferred directly (without rinsing) to aniline blue solution and stained for 5-10 minutes. Afterwards the tissue section was rinsed briefly in distilled water and differentiated in 1% acetic acid solution for 1 minute. It was then washed in distilled water and dehydrated very quickly through 95% ethyl a lcohol, absolute ethyl alcohol (to wipe off Biebrich scarlet-acid fuschin staining) and then cleared in xylene. The section was then mounted with resinous mounting medium. Finally the slide was examined under the light microscope. Congo Red The spleen tissue section was deparaffinized and hydrated to distilled water. The section was then stained in Congo red working solution for 10 minutes and rinsed in distilled water. It was then quickly differentiated (5-10 dips) in alkaline alcohol solution and rinsed in tap water. The section was then counterstained in Gill’s haematoxylin for 10 seconds and rinsed in tap water for 2 minutes. Following that, the section was dipped in ammonia water (made by adding a few drops of ammonium hydroxide to tap water and mixing it well) for 30 seconds or until the sections had turned blue. It was then rinsed in tap water for another 5 minutes and dehydrated through 95% alcohol, and 100% alcohol. The section was cleared in xylene and mounted with mounting medium. The slide was then examined under a light microscope. Fig 1: Normal uterine tissue stained with Masson’s trichrome viewed under 10 x 10 microscopic magnification Fig 2: Fibroid uterine tissue stained with Masson’s trichrome viewed under 10 x 10 microscopic magnification The microscopic slide (Fig. 1) shows a normal uterus tissue that was stained with Masson’s trichrome, which showed the nuclei stained black, smooth muscle stained red and the collagen fibres stained blue.   Figure 2 shows a uterus tissue specimen stained with Masson’s trichrome that revealed excessive amount of collagen stained in blue, smooth muscle stained red and nuclei stained black.    Fig 3: Spleen tissue stained with Congo red showing amyloid deposits under 1010 microscopic magnification Fig. 4 Spleen tissue stained with Congo red adapted from Stevens and Lowe, (2000) Discussion Norwitz and Schorge   (2006) states that fibroids also referred to as Leiomyomata, are benign tumours of the myometirum of the uterus   that is mainly composed of smooth muscle and extracellular fibrous material such as the collagen, Fibroids do not   invade surrounding tissues or organs and they can occur in different locations within the uterus (Lark, 1996). The symptoms include heavy periods, frequent urination, constipation, bloating and backache (Tulandi, 2003) Masson’s trichrome was used to stain the uterus tissue (Fig. 1) which showed the collagen stained in blue, smooth muscle and erythrocytes stained red and the nuclei appeared black. MT stain revealed that the normal uterus tissue (Fig. 1) had a small amount of collagen present whereas the other uterus tissue (Fig. 2) showed an elevated amount of collagen stained in blue which suggested fibrosis. MT is an advantageous technique in medicine as it allows comparing the degree of fibrosis before and after the treatment biopsies to show if the treatment has been effective and successful. It is a routine stain for kidney and liver biopsies and this can be used on paraffin fixed sections as well as on frozen sections. Kambic et al., (1986) describes that there are different types of collagen and their organization is better shown using Sirius red with polarized light. Sirius red is a hydrophilic dye, in which type I collagen appears orange or red whereas type III collagen appears green (Kumar, 2005). Congo red was used to stain a spleen tissue section where figure 3 showed amyloid deposits in pink and nuclei in blue. Fig. 4 revealed a high amount of amyloid deposits in pink which suggested amyloidosis that is the disorder caused by abnormal deposition of intracellular or extracellular insoluble amyloid which changes the normal tissue function (Stevens and Lowe, 2000). Special stains is an important tool for pathologists   as it allows to the microscopically view and identify cells, tissues and microorganisms, providing an alternative to immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and various other diagnostic techniques. References Bancroft, J. D. Gamble, M.   (2008).   ‘Theory and practice of histological techniques’.   [Online].   (6th ed).   Philadelphia, PA : Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Dhn2KispfdQCprintsec=frontcoverdq=Theory+and+practice+of+histological+techniqueshl=enei=ifGETZKEPcWwhAfSvPW_BAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false.   [Accessed 7th March 2011]. Bancroft. J. D. Cook, H. C.   (1995).   ‘Manual of histological techniques and their diagnostic application’.   Edinburgh [u.a.] : Churchill Livingstone. Bass, P., Burroughs, S. Way, C.   (2005).   ‘Systematic pathology : a clinically-orientated core text with self assessment’.   Edinburgh : Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. Bely, M. (2006). Histochemical differential diagnosis and polarization optical analysis of amyloid and amyloidosis TheScientificWorldJournal. 6, p.154-168. Carson, F. L.   (2001).   ‘Histotechnology : a self-instructional text’.   (2nd ed).   Chicago : ASCP Press. Cook, D. J.   (2006).   ‘Cellular pathology : introduction to techniques and applications’.   (2nd ed).   Bloxham: Scion Publishing Limited. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1440-1827.2003.01513.x/abstract Kiernan, J. A.   (2007).   ‘Histological and histochemical methods’.   (4th ed).   Cold Spring Harbor (N.Y.) : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Mohan, H.   (2005).   ‘Essential pathology for dental students’.   [online]. (3rd ed).   New Delhi : Jaypee Brothers.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HmkTtLyxXF8Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=essential+pathology+for+dental+studentshl=enei=xRCCTaiHMs24hAezp6G8BAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=bookthumbnailresnum=1ved=0CDAQ6wEwAA#v=onepageqf=false. [Accessed: 11th March 2011]. Odze, R. D. Goldblum, J. R.   (2009).   ‘Surgical pathology of the GI tract, liver, biliary tract and pancreas’.   [Online].   (2nd ed).   Philadelphia, PA : Saunders/Elsevier.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8ITX093f1j0Cpg=PA1143dq=Masson%27s+trichrome+staining+in+liverhl=enei=OB2GTYuVLYuqhAfJ_6m8BAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=2ved=0CDgQ6wEwAQ#v=onepageq=Masson%27s%20trichrome%20staining%20in%20liverf=false.   [Assessed 16th March 2011] Rocken, C. Eriksson, M. (2009). Amyloid and amyloidoses Der Pathologe. 30, (3), p.182-192. Rubin, R. Strayer, D. S.   (2008).   ‘Rubin’s Pathology : clinicopathologic foundations of medicine’.   [Online].   (5th ed).   Philadelphia [u.a.] : Lippincott Williams Wilkins.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kD9VZ267wDECpg=PA990dq=mechanism+of+congo+red+stainhl=enei=ADGFTcSQDZGJhQf-n5iuBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=4ved=0CEUQ6wEwAw#v=onepageq=mechanism%20of%20congo%20red%20stainf=false.   [Assessed 7th March 2011]. Sen, S. Basdemir, G. (2003). Diagnosis of renal amyloidosis using Congo red fluorescence Pathology international. 53, (8), p.534-538. Slauson, D. O.   Cooper, B. J.   (2002).   ‘Mechanisms of disease : a textbook of comparative general pathology’.   [Online].   (3rd ed).   St. Louis, MO. [u.a.] : Mosby.   Available from : http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vRhtM0UMUh4Cpg=PA5dq=special+stainshl=enei=-vSETaMeqJKEB83RwccEsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=1ved=0CCoQ6wEwADgK#v=onepageq=special%20stainsf=false.   [Accessed 4th March 2011]. Young B., Lowe, J. S, Stevens, A. Heath, J. W. (2006).   ‘Wheater’s functional histology : a text and colour atlas’.   (5th ed).   Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone Tulandi, T.   (2003).   ‘Uterine fibroids : embolization and other treatments’.   [Online].   Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fZ8eha5yIfcCprintsec=frontcoverdq=fibroidshl=enei=oyOGTfnfMJGGhQeY_92_BAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=7ved=0CGAQ6wEwBg#v=onepageqf=false.   [Assessed 15th March 2011]. Stevens, A. Lowe, J.   (2000).   ‘Pathology’.   (2nd ed).   Edinburgh [u. a.] : Mosby Starr, C., Evers, C. A. Starr, L.   (2011).   ‘Biology : concept and applications’.   [Online].   (8th ed).   United States : Cengage Learning.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_16xbB2Py_UCpg=PA454dq=connective+tissuehl=enei=zYeITdaEAsywhAf61cm6Dgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=10ved=0CFYQ6wEwCTgK#v=onepageq=connective%20tissuef=false.   [Assessed 8th March 2011]. Lark, S. M.   (1996).   ‘Natural treatment of fibroid tumors and endometriosis : effective natural solutions for relieving the heavy bleeding, cramps and infertility that accompany these common female problems’.   New Canaan, Conn : Keats Pub. Norwitz, E. R. Schorge, J. O.   (2006).   ‘Obstetrics and Gynaecology at a glance’.   (2nd ed).   Malden, Massachusetts : Blackwell. Kumar, R. K. (2005). Morphological methods for assessment of fibrosis Methods in Molecular Medicine. 117, p.179-188. Kambic, H. E., Kantrowitz, A. Sung, P.   (1986).   ‘Vacular graft update : safety and performance, a symposium’. [Online].   Philadelphia, PA : ASTM.   Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NU0cVwIPk_oCpg=PA162dq=limitations+of+collagen+stainhl=enei=AEKLTcmzMsmYhQe1hJHEDgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=10ved=0CFsQ6AEwCQ#v=onepageqf=false.   [Assessed 20th March 2011].

Marketing Image differentiation competitive advantage Essay

Marketing Image differentiation competitive advantage - Essay Example It should be noted that in this type of differentiation strategy, the product is not tangibly different from its competitors. The marketer's primary function, then, is the addition of intangible features which would enhance the image and position of the product in the market. Tangible differentiation is much more apparent and easily identified than intangible ones. In case of toothbrushes, Colgate and Oral B are tangibly different. Oral B toothbrushes are distinctive because of the red dye in the center bristles which fades and tells customers when they need a new toothbrush. On the other hand, Colgate offers its revolutionary toothbrush that focuses on overall hygiene with its tongue cleaner. Intangible differentiation can best seen in the laptop market. It should be noted that some notebooks offered by Hewlett-Packard and Apple Computers are the same in terms of memory, connectivity, battery life, etc. However, customers are willing to pay a premium for a Mac because it is marketed as an upscale product while HP is for the mass market. The price of the notebooks together with their images in the market succeeds in creating intangible differences for the product. Extreme examples of the two products which are tangibly the same but are differentiated in the market

Module 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Module 6 - Essay Example It is believed that there are certain places considered as sacred spaces where the kami communicate with people. These places are usually located near waterfalls, trees and mountains, rivers, and other unusual natural formations. In these places, shrines are built to house the kami where the sacred space separates them from the ordinary world. Sacred spaces also exist in the homes where the kamidana or home shrine is designated. The shrine and the home shrine are therefore treated with the utmost respect, and this is evident in the architecture of the edifice. A large gate called tori, with a distinctive design fronts kami shrines, exhibiting two upright bars and two crossbars that indicate the separation of the sacred from the common space. Aside from this several real and symbolic barriers mark the sacred space, such as statutes of protection, ropes and fences. The shrines have distinctive parts such as the public hall of worship (haiden), the hall of offerings (heiden), and the innermost portion which comprises the worship hall reserved for the high priest (honden). It is in the honden where the symbol of the enshrined kami is situated. http://it.spcollege.edu/flashapplications/accessibleYouTubePlayer/index.htm?swfWidth=480&swfHeight=358&videoWidth=480&videoHeight=270&srtFile=http://it.spcollege.edu/srt/HUM2270_KevinMorgan/Hum2270_Mod6_EarlJapArtCult_TradJapArch.srt&youtubeURL=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVnQvhS4vRs The video chosen for review describes how Japanese dwellings are constructed. It is interesting to note that the traditional Japanese home is constructed of wood and light materials and seldom have solid walls. There are also no permanent partitions, only temporary dividers, typically free-standing folding screens made of paper that are set up when the need to segregate spaces arises. Occasionally, there are also sliding doors which are installed along wooden

The Formation of Diels-Alder Reactions Essay Example for Free

The Formation of Diels-Alder Reactions Essay The Diels-Alder reactions consist of a reversible dienophile and diene all in a one-step reaction initiated by head. These reactions form a six membered ring with at least one pi bond and two sigma bonds, making the reaction exothermic. The goal of the first part of these experiments is to make products that have a greater aromatic stabilization. In 1928, Otto Paul Hermann Diels and Kurt Alder first documented this type of reaction, hence the name Diels-Alder reactions. Their reaction is one of the more useful reactions done in chemistry because it does not require very much energy in order to make the cyclohexene ring and the result can create four stereo centers, making it compatible for a variety of functional groups which still has double bonds in the products. Dimethyl Tetraphenylphthalate. Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone (0.100g), dimethyl acetylene-dicarboxylate (0.1mL), and nitrobenzene (1mL) was placed into a reaction tube with a boiling stick. The reaction was heated until the purple solution turns tan and refluxed. Ethanol(3mL) was stirred in after the solution was warm, and placed in ice. The solid was vacuum filtered, washed with ethanol, dried and weighed. Hexaphenylbenzene. Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone (0.100g) and diphenylacetylene (500mg) was placed in a reaction tube and loosely capped. The solid was heated to reflux with a sad bath until the solid turned a brown color. The tube was shaken gently to bring about white solids at the bottom of the reaction tube. Diphenyl ether(2mL) was added and heated until the solid dissolved. The reaction tube was cooled again and had toluene(2mL) added then placed in ice. The product was vacuum filtered, washed with toluene, dried, and weighed. Tetraphenylnaphthalene. Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone(0.500g), glyme(3mL), and a boiling chip was added to a reaction tube. Isoamyl nitrite(0.35mL) was added via syringe to reaction tube and heated to reflux for 2-5 minutes. Anthranilic acid(0.250g) and glyme(2mL) was dissolved in a separate reaction tube, then added to refluxing solution dropwise via pipette. The color changed from brown to yellow after 5 minutes, and then heat was added for another 2 min. The mixture was shaken and cooled to room temperature. Ethanol(10mL) and saturated sodium bicarbonate(5mL) was added to the solution and shaken to allow solid to form. The solid was vacuum filtered, washed two times with cold water, then two times with cold ethanol. The product is then recrystallized with nitrobenzene/ethanol, filtered, dried and weighed. The melting point was recorded. Triptycene. Anthracene(0.400g), isoamyl(0.4mL), glyme(4mL) and a boiling chip was placed into a reaction tube and heated using a sand bath. Anthranilic acid(0.520g) was dissolved into glyme(2mL). Anthranilic acid solution was added deopwise via pipette into refluxing apparatus over a twenty minute period, followed by isoamyl nitrite(0.4mL). the mixture was refluxed for an additional ten minutes, then cooled. Ethanol(5mL), 3 M sodium hydroxide solution(10mL) was added to solution. Mixture was filtered and rinsed with cold ethanol, then cold water, then took the crude weight of the product. The solid was placed into a round bottomed flask where maleic anhydride(0.200g) and triglyme(4mL) was added. The mixture was refluxed for five minutes, and cooled. Ethanol(2mL) and 3 M sodium hydroxide solution(6mL) was added to solution. The mixture was filtered and rinsed with cold ethanol and cold water, recrystallized with methanol, filtered, dried and weighted to get final product.

Factors Affecting Buildability of Building Designs

Factors Affecting Buildability of Building Designs Buildability is increasingly become a major requirement in building construction practice. The aim of buildability is use to improve the efficiency of overall building process by developing construction sensitive designs. Nowadays, in Malaysia construction industry, there have facing a lot of problem that will impede the project to process smoothly. In this research, it will highlight what buildability is. Through this we can deeply understand what buildability is and how important it was in the construction industry. Moreover, in this research, we wish to find out and identify the buildability attributes in building design in Malaysia construction industry. There are many buildability attributes have affecting in the building design. If the constructions proceed without a good buildability management, it will bring many problems to the project. So in this research, besides that identifying the buildability attributes, we also wish to find out the importance level for each of these attributes. AIM This report are aim to find out the factors that affect buildability of building design in the Malaysian construction industry. OBJECTIVE In order to achieve the aim of the report, the following are the objectives of this research To study what is buildability and factors may affect it in building design To find out and identify the buildability attributes in building design in the Malaysian construction industry To measure the level of importance of different buildability attributes Research Methodology Literature Review The purpose of the literature review is given us to understanding what buildability in the construction industry is and how important it was. This research methodology may include definitions, ideas and practices of related topics. Besides that, we can study and review to the relevant books, journals, internet and etc., as known as secondary data, that related to the topic buildability. Through those review sources, the important point will be noted down and convenience for us to writing the literature review. The below are showing that the literature search that will be carried out:- Define the definition of buildability/ constructability Define the principle and concept of buildability/ constructability Determine the factor affecting buildability in building design in construction Determine the building attributes and the level of importance for each attribute Questionnaire Questionnaire is recommended as one of the research method, because it is easier for analyzing the data, economical and the hypothesis can be tested. Questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and/or in difference grouping for the purpose of gathering the information from respondents. To gain more information of this research, copies of questionnaire will be sent out to the construction companies and they are needed to express their opinions based on their experience. In this questionnaire, there are empty spaces provide for the respondents to giving their comment or suggest other building attributes which are not included. This questionnaire will target to the professionals such as architect, engineer, project manager, quantity surveyor and others in the contractor industry firm in Malaysia. From the research title, to determine the level of importance of buildability attributes in this research, the classification of the rating scales is used. The questionnaire is based on LIKERT SCALE format. It is a widely used instrument in measuring opinions. A likert item is simply a statement which the respondent is asked to evaluate according to any kind of subjective or objective criteria and generally the level of agreement or disagreement is measured. 5 point likert scale being used as it may produce slightly higher mean scores relative to the highest attainable score. This will be carried out in the final stage of research methodology. The results/ comments get from the respondents will be analyze and present in table or graph in order to provide a clearer view of overall research with writing up the contents of the dissertation. Besides this, analysis and interpretation would be done to gather all the information and data. DISSERTATION ORGANIZATION Chapter 1- Introduction Chapter 1 provides an introduction of the chapter that giving a brief about our proposal. In this chapter it includes introduction/ background, problem statement, aim, objectives, research methodology and working program for the dissertation. Chapter 2 Literature Review Through the review of literature/ articles related to our research topic the important point will be written in this chapter. Journals, books and information from the internet will be the source of the information or data to doing this buildability title dissertation. This chapter are aim to provide a main picture of the knowledge to us before the research is carried out. Chapter 3 Research Design and Methodology Questionnaire will be designed based on the objective and information that we want to find out. These questionnaires will be sent to different construction industry companies in Malaysia to collect data to conduct next step of dissertation. Chapter 4 Data Analysis and Results Discussions The collected information from the respondents will be evaluated and analyzed in table or graph with explanation. Chapter 5 Conclusions This chapter will conclude and recommend the overall results of the survey for further research. REFERENCES Crowther,.P. Design For Buildability and The Deconstruction Consequences, Design for Deconstruction and Materials Reuse, CIB Publication 272. Lam, P.T.I., Wong, F.K.W., Wong, F.W.H. 2007. Building features and site-specific factors affecting buildability in Hong Kong, Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, Vol 5, No 2. Mydin S.H., Zin R.M., Majid M.Z.A, Zahidi M. and Memon A.H. 2011. Buildability Attributes at Design Phase In Malaysian Building Construction, International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering Technology, Vol. 2, Issue 1. Wong, F.W.H, Lam, P.T.I, Chan, E.H.W. and Wong F.K.W. 2006. Factors Affecting Buildability of Building Design, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 33.7, pg 79 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION Buildability or constructability has a huge area of study and it was very important in a construction industry. The aim of these literature reviews are to study and highlight the area that the buildability attributes that may affect the building design in Malaysia construction industry. The first reviews that will focus in this chapter are definition of buildability, then coming up with the principles and concepts of buildability which have defined by different countries. Moreover, this review also focuses on the factors that may affect the buildability by identify the buildability attributes in building design. BUILDABILITY/CONSTRUCTABILITY DEFINITION OF BUILDABILITY Since the buildability is important in the construction industry, so there are many researchers from different countries has identified and defined buildability based on their studies. Based on the several articles study and resources, it found that the one of the widely definition that can be accepted which is define by the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA), 1983, it stated that the buildability is the extent to which the design of a building facilitates ease of construction, subject to the overall requirements for the completed building (Wong, Lam, Chan and Wong, 2006B.p. 796). Besides the definition defined by CIRIA, there also have another definition which was founded with specific aim of improving the construction total quality management and the overall cost effectiveness and defined as constructability is the effective and timely integration of construction knowledge into the conceptual planning, design, construction and field operation of a project to achieve the overall project objectives in the best possible time and accuracy at the most cost-effective level by Construction Industry Institute (as known as CII) in year 1986 (Wong, et.al, 2006B.p. 796). According to The Construction Industry in Australia (CIIA), Griffith and Sidwell (1997), has defined constructability as a system to integrate if construction knowledge in the project delivery process and balancing the various project and environmental constraints to achieve the project goals and building performance at the optimal level.(Wong, et.al, 2006B.p. 796) Buildability Performance Research Group (BPRG), Chen and McGeorge (1994), defined buildability as the extent to which decisions, made during the whole building procurement process, ultimately facilitate the ease of construction and the quality of the completed project which buildability as a management to goals the project by recognize the factors affected the project (Eng, 2002.p. 117). In the other hand, there are other researchers have derived their own definitions based on their studying in buildability, such as:- Ferguson (1989); buildability was defined as the ability to construct a building efficiently economically and to agreed quality levels from its constituent materials, components and sub-assemblies (Wong, et.al, 2006B.p. 796.) Williams (1982); buildability was defined as the most economic and efficient way of putting a building together.(Yang, 2004) Illingworth (1984); buildability was defined as a design and details which recognize the assembly process in achieving the desired result safety and at least cost to the client.(Yang, 2004) In year 1996, Moore has modified the definition defined by Illingworth as a design philosophy, which is recognizes and addresses the problems of the assembly process in achieving the construction of the design product, both safety and without resort to standardization or project level simplification.(Yang, 2004) Lueprasert (1996), constructability has defined as an important characteristic of structural design and site conditions of construction project which determines the level of complexity of executing the correlative structural assembly tasks.(Yang, 2004) Moreover, there are few researchers believed that constructability are significantly different with buildability. The differences between buildability and constructability are that buildability is a design-oriented concept but constructability is concern the whole project processing. But also have some researchers thought that there are no difference between buildability and constructability, the only is buildability is usually used in UK and constructability is often used in USA. (Yang, 2004) PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS OF BUILDABILITY According to Eng, (2002, p. 112), Buildability or Constructability has been used and evolved in the construction management in the late 1970s in United Kingdom, but its potential was not been fully exploited in construction industry at the time. Nowadays, buildability is increasingly become an integral part of the construction industry in many countries because it was a technique used to manage the construction process during the pre-construction stage. According to Low et.al, (2008), buildability aim is to ensure the impacts of design details are recognized and considered in the earlier stage to reduce and/or prevent errors, delays and allows a cost control to the overall project others. Together with this, it will enhance the productivity and competitiveness of the industry. Moreover, Low study also stated the summarized of buildability principles that defined by some researchers such as Adams (1989), Ferguson (1989), Gray (1984), Griffith and Sidwell (1995), Tatum (1987) and other s as shown as below:- Efficiency and economical building production; to ensure efficient and economical production of a building, a logical organization of the sequence of assembly is necessary. The building organization must ensure continuity of construction work by having food management due to labors, machineries and materials delivery to achieve this principle (OConnor, 1985). Simplicity; this principles saying that the designers of the project must try to produce the simplest possible details compatible with the overall requirement for the building especially for the buildings group of elements (Ferguson, 1989; Bishop, 1985). Tolerance Level; the building design should recognize its tolerances which are normally attainable under site conditions. Different the materials and components used on site have its different composition and different jointing methods required. Therefore, practical level of tolerance adopted is necessary for the materials and components (Ferguson, 1989). Innovation; use any innovative ideas that can enhance the buildability of a project. The contractor should try to bring in new machineries or methods of working that can improve the productivity and allow construction process more efficiency. Before bring in the ideas, consideration of the level of skills available in industry is required. (Tatum, 1987). Proper scheduling; a good scheduling of works may allow construction proceed smoothly and right on track. The construction sequence should be practical to allow for a continuous flow of work to minimize delays of works (Gugel and Russell, 1994). Repetition and standardization; to reduce time consuming for constructions, the building elements should be design that encourages appropriate repetition and standardization, it may help to reduce cost, risk and error by using readily and standard items in construction (Adams, 1989; Ferguson, 1989). Participation and communication; project team members with relevant knowledge should be encourage to participate all level of construction. They can give their opinion and suggestion during early planning stage to reduce problem in future. Clear project information should be planned and coordinated to suit the construction process and facilitate the best possible communication and understanding on site (Fischer and Tatum, 1997). Avoid damage by subsequent works; the design should enable the works that carried out will not have risk of damage due to adjacent finished elements and with minimum requirements for special protection. This would reduce the need for return visits to site to repair damage. By doing few times checking to the completed works is better to reduce the project completion period (OConnor and Tucker, 1986). (Source: Low et.al, 2008) McGeorge and Palmer (1997) have identified that buildability and constructability is the only management concept to have been designed and developed by the construction industry (Eng, 2002). This is because they think that the separation of designs and construction processes is unique to the construction industry. Eng also mentioned that the report in early 1960s, division between the process of design and construction was recognized as contributing to inefficiencies throughout the construction industry. (Eng, 2002).Emmerson (1962) has identified that insufficient documentation before tender, inefficient pre-contract design procedures and lacks of communication among the architects, consultants and contractors appointed are the factors that cause the problem occurred (Eng, 2002). Moreover, Banwell, (1964) suggested that the contractor who is too far from the design stage for his specialized knowledge can be participate in traditional contracting situation. (Eng, 2002.p. 111).In the o ther hand, Banwell report also highlighted that the complexities of modern construction and its requirement for specialized techniques demand that the design process and the construction stage should not be regarded as separate fields of activity. (Eng, 2002.p. 111) EVOLUTION OF BUILDABILITY/CONSTRUCTABILITY CONCEPT Through different groups of researchers, a number of stages in the evolution of the buildability or constructability concept are been identified and related to research efforts in different parts (Eng, 2002). According to Eng (2002) study, it shows the groups of researchers from different countries that have evaluated the evolution of buildability/constructability, which are: Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA); UK Construction Industry Institute (CII); USA Construction Industry Institute of Australia (CIIA) Building Performance Research Group (BPRG); University of Newcastle in Australia In the early research taken by CIRIA and UK researches, they regarded that buildability is problem that arose from the division between builders and designers; led researchers to focus on technical issue and site and construction planning (Gray, 1983; Adam, 1989; Ferguson, 1989). (Eng, 2002.p. 112) Besides that, Eng stated that most industry researchers and commentators are tended to see buildability as a function that is within the influence or control of the designer. Illingworth (1984) has suggested that the problem of buildability was become deteriorate because the designers and professional team are resented contractors involve and giving their opinions during the design stage.(Eng, 2002.p. 112) In addition, CII had used industry case studies to investigate the constructability problem in construction industry to allow the researchers to understanding the issues. This carried out the understanding of different stages of project life cycle which would relate to different issues in constructability (Eng, 2002). Furthermore, CIIA also used the case studies to enable a holistic perspective to be maintained. CIIA have proposed 12 principles would be relevant with different emphases due to the different project life cycle. For BPRG at University of Newcastle in Australia, they started with conceptualize the buildability problem as one that derived from a complex system and they proposed that the concepts of buildability is needed to recognize the factors in a project environment which may affected in the design process, construction process and the link between them (Eng, 2002). CIRIA RESEARCH IN BUILDABILITY The definition of buildability defined by CIRIA has shown at the above. Though that we know that CIRIA definition is focused between designs and construction; the factors has been implied which are solely within the influence or control of the design team those have a significant impact on the ease if construction of a project (Eng, 2002). The concept was recognized as an issue within an integrated design management context. A good buildability are formed based on a building design, structure or other which had been consider in the construction phase with emphasis on the method of construction, activities, sequence of works and way incorporated into the overall design (Eng, 2002). In additional, Eng study had showing the 16 guiding principles for achieving buildability which was identified and developed by Adams (1989), CIRIA, as below:- Investigate thoroughly Consider accessibility at the design stage Consider storage at design stage Design for early enclosure Design for minimum time below ground work Suitable materials use Consider for the local skill available Design for simple assembly Plan for maximize repetition and standardization Maximize the use of plant Allow for sensible tolerances Allow for a practical sequence of operations Plan to avoid change to work Avoid return visits on site; do it right in first time Safe construction design Clearly communication (Source: Adam, (Eng, 2002)) CONSTRUCTABILITY DEVELOPTMENT BY CII According to Eng (2002), has mentioned that CII used case studies to identify different of requirements for the planning stage (Tatum et.al, 1986), engineering and procurement phases of a project (OConnor et.al., 1986) and improvement of constructability that able to make during field operations (OConnor and Davis, 1988). In additional, they had identified and presented 6 concepts for the planning stage, 7 concepts for the design and procurement phase and 1 for field operations phase which showing below:- Conceptual Planning Stage Basic design approaches consider major construction methods Constructability programs are an integral part of project of project implementation plans Project planning requires construction knowledge and experience Early construction involvement in the development of contracting strategy Project schedules are construction sensitive Site layouts show efficient of construction Design and Procurement Stage Design for accessibility, materials and equipment Design for construction in adverse weather and remotes locations Design and procurement schedules are construction sensitive Design to enable efficient construction Design elements are standardize Construction and procurement efficiency are specifications developed Design for modularization to facilitate fabrication/transportation Field Operation Contractors use innovative methods (Source: Tatum et.al; OConnor et.al; OConnor and Davis; (Eng, 2002)) CONSTRUCTABILITY PRINCIPLES BY CIIA For CIIA, they have review to the work of CII, and some developed construction information within the Australian context (Eng, 2002). At the beginning, they are 17 principles are being identified and tested. In the other hand, more than twenty of the personnel who experienced in construction are given feedback due to this tested. Through the test, Constructability Principles File (CIIA, 1992) has shown 12 concepts of constructability to represent current best practice applicable over five projects life cycle stages, which are feasibility studies stage, conceptual design stage, details design stage, construction stage and post construction stage (Eng, 2002). The twelve principles espoused were:- PRINCIPLESÂ  DESCRIPTION Integration Constructability must be made an integral part of project plan. Construction Knowledge Project planning must actively involve construction knowledge and experience. Team Skills Project team must be appropriate for the project based on their experience, skills and etc. Corporate Objectives Project team understanding against clients corporate and project objective to improve constructability. Available Resources Technology use in design solution must be matched with the skills and resources available. External factors External factors might affect the cost and program of the project. Program of project Overall project program must be realistic and have the commitment of the project team. Construction Methodology Construction methodology must be considered in project design. Accessibility Constructability will be improved if accessibility is considered good in the design stage of project. Specifications Constructability improved when efficiency considered in specification development. Construction innovation Constructability improved when innovation techniques is used Feedback Post construction analysis is undertaken to allow constructability can be enhanced on future projects Table Principles by CIIA (Francis and Sidwell (Eng, 2002)) CONSTRUCTABILITY CONCEPTS BY MALAYSIAN RESEARCHER According to Nawi, Kamar, Lee, Hamid, Abdullah, Haron and Ariff (2009), stated that in Malaysia, the constructability and buildability concepts established by the Construction Industry Institute (CII) and other relevant literature by CIRIA, (1983); Tatum, (1987); Adams, (1989); CII, (1993) and etc, there are 23 constructability concepts were formulated and presented by Nima, (2001) which use them to utilize a study in relation to the engineered construction phases. There are 7 concepts for conceptual planning phase, 8 concepts for design and procurement phase and 8 concepts for field operation phases which as follows:- C1-C7 (Project constructability enhancement during conceptual planning phase) Concept C1 the project constructability program should be discussed and documented within the project execution plan, through the participation of all project team members. Concept C2 a project team that includes representatives of the owner, engineer and contractor should be formulated and maintained to take the constructability issue into consideration from the outset of the project and through all of its phases. Concept C3 individuals with current construction knowledge and experience should achieve the early project planning so that interference between design and construction can be avoided. Concept C4 the construction methods should be taken into consideration when choosing the type and the number of contracts required for executing the project. Concept C5 the master project schedule and the construction completion date should be construction-sensitive and should be assigned as early as possible. Concept C6 in order to accomplish the field operations easily and efficiently, major construction methods should be discussed and analyses in-depth as early as possible to direct the design according to these methods. Concept C7 site layout should be studies carefully so that construction, operation and maintenance proceed efficiently and avoid any interference between the operations performed during these phases. C8-C15 (Project constructability enhancement during design and procurement phases) Concept C8 design and procurement schedules should be dictated by construction sequence. Thus, the construction schedule must be discussed and developed prior to the design development and procurement schedule. Concept C9 advanced information technologies are important to any field including field of construction industry. The usage of those technologies could overcome the problem of fragmentation into specialized roles in this field, hence enhancing constructability. Concept C10 designs, with design simplification by designers and design review by qualified construction personnel must be configured to enable efficient construction. Concept C11 project elements should be standardized to an extent that will never affect the project cost negatively. Concept C12 the project technical specifications should be simplified and configured to achieve efficient construction without sacrificing the level or the efficiency of the project performance. Concept C13 the implementation of modularization and preassembly for project elements should be taken into consideration and studied carefully. Modularization and preassembly design should be prepared to facilitate fabrication, transportation and installation. Concept C14 project design should take into consideration the construction personnel, materials and equipment accessibility to the required position on-site. Concept C15 design should facilitate construction during adverse weather conditions. Great emphasis should be made to planning for the construction of the project under suitable weather conditions, but the designer must plan and take into consideration the project elements that could be prefabricated in workshops. C16-C23 (Project constructability enhancement during field operation phases) Concept C16 field task sequencing should be configured in order to minimize damages or rework of some project elements, minimize scaffolding needs, formwork used or congestion of construction personnel, material and equipment. Concept C17 innovation in temporary construction materials/systems, or implementing innovative ways of using available temporary construction materials/systems that have not been defined or limited by the design drawings and technical specifications will contribute positively to the enhancement of constructability. Concept C18 incorporating innovation of new methods in using off-the-shelf hand tools or modification of the available tools or introduction of a new hand tools that may reduce labour intensity, increase mobility, safety or accessibility will enhance constructability at the construction phase. Concept C19 introduction of innovative methods for using the available equipment or modification of the available equipment to increase their productivity will lead to a better constructability. Concept C20 in order to increase the productivity, reduce the need of scaffolding or improve the project constructability under adverse weather conditions, constructors should be encouraged to use any optional preassembly. Concept C21 constructability will be enhanced by encouraging the constructor to carry out innovation of temporary facilities. Concept C22 good contractors, based on quality and time, should be documented, so that contracts for future construction works would not be awarded based on low bits only, but by considering other project attributes. Concept C23 evaluation, documentation and feedback of the issues of the constructability concepts should be maintained throughout the project to be used in later projects as lessons learned. (Source: Nima el al, (Nawi, et.al, 2009)) Although there are many researchers from different countries have identified and presented their own principles and concepts, but the points they covered are almost the same. Through those principles and concepts, it showing the ways to help the construction to reduce its project time, error, cost by having a good buildability on manage overall project. ASSESSMENT OF DESIGNS FOR BUILDABILITY According to CIRC and Chiang et.al, has stated that the construction industries are continues to search out the ways to improve buildability, such as the use of prefabricated, standardized and modular components, as well as the adoption of alternative procurement methods (cited by Wong, Lam, Chan P.C. and Chan H.W., 2006), the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) in Singapore had introduced and published a Code of Practice on Buildabl